Bengali Language Movement

The Bengali Language Movement (Bhasha Andolon) was a political and cultural movement in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its primary goal was to recognize Bengali as one of the state languages of Pakistan, alongside Urdu. The movement played a key role in shaping Bangladesh’s national identity and ultimately influenced the country’s struggle for independence.

Background[edit | edit source]

After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the new state comprised West Pakistan and East Pakistan, separated geographically by more than 1,600 kilometers.
Urdu was proposed as the sole state language, despite the majority of Pakistan’s population being Bengali-speaking in East Pakistan.
The decision to impose Urdu sparked widespread protests in East Pakistan, as Bengali was the mother tongue of the majority and integral to cultural identity.

Major Events[edit | edit source]

Early Protests (1948–1949)[edit | edit source]

Students, teachers, and cultural organizations in Dhaka and other cities began organizing demonstrations demanding official recognition of Bengali.
Key student groups included Dhaka University students and members of local cultural organizations.

Protests of 21 February 1952[edit | edit source]

The movement reached a turning point on 21 February 1952, when police opened fire on protesting students in Dhaka.
Several demonstrators were killed, including Abul Barkat, Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, Salam, and Shafiur Rahman.
This day is now commemorated as Ekushey February (International Mother Language Day).

Government Response and Recognition[edit | edit source]

After continued protests, strikes, and political advocacy, the government of Pakistan officially recognized Bengali as one of the state languages in 1956.

Key Figures[edit | edit source]

Abul Kashem: Prominent organizer and advocate for Bengali language education.
Sufia Kamal: Poet and activist who promoted Bengali culture and literature.
Student leaders: Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, Salam, Abdus Salam, and others who were martyred during protests.

Legacy[edit | edit source]

The movement strengthened Bengali nationalism, laying the groundwork for future political movements, including the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971.
21 February is observed as International Mother Language Day, recognized by UNESCO in 1999.
The Language Movement fostered cultural pride, leading to the growth of Bengali literature, music, and education reforms.

Significance[edit | edit source]

It was the first major mass political movement in East Pakistan that challenged West Pakistani political dominance.
Highlighted the importance of linguistic and cultural identity in nation-building.
Inspired civil and political activism that shaped Bangladesh’s history, including the independence movement.