Begum Khaleda Zia: Political Icon and First Female Prime Minister of Bangladesh
Begum Khaleda Zia stands as one of the most influential and enduring figures in Bangladesh’s political history. As the first female Prime Minister of the country and the long-time leader of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), her journey reflects decades of leadership, struggle, and controversy. From restoring democracy in the 1990s to navigating political storms and legal battles, Khaleda Zia’s story is deeply intertwined with Bangladesh’s modern political evolution.
Quick Facts[edit | edit source]
| Attribute | Information |
|---|---|
| Full Name | Khaleda Khanam Putul |
| Popularly Known As | Begum Khaleda Zia |
| Date of Birth | August 15, 1945 (disputed in some records) |
| Place of Birth | Jalpaiguri, Bengal Presidency (now West Bengal, India) |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Political Party | Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) |
| Key Positions Held | Prime Minister (1991–1996, 2001–2006); Leader of the Opposition; BNP Chairperson (since 1984) |
| Spouse | Ziaur Rahman (late President of Bangladesh) |
| Children | Tarique Rahman, Arafat Rahman (deceased) |
| Education | Private education; limited formal political training |
| Notable Achievements | First female Prime Minister of Bangladesh; led the re-establishment of parliamentary democracy |
| Health Status | Battling chronic illnesses; has sought treatment abroad |
| Legal Status | Convicted in corruption cases; acquitted in one major case in 2025 |
Early Life and Political Rise[edit | edit source]
Khaleda Zia was born in Jalpaiguri, Bengal Presidency, and grew up in Dinajpur after the Partition of India. Her early life was modest, with no political background. Her destiny changed after her marriage in 1960 to Ziaur Rahman, a military officer who later became the President of Bangladesh and the founder of the BNP.
After Ziaur Rahman’s assassination in 1981, Khaleda found herself thrust into the political spotlight. She was persuaded to enter politics to preserve her husband’s legacy and soon became the Chairperson of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party in 1984. Her leadership during the anti-Ershad movement of the 1980s established her as a symbol of resistance against military rule and a champion of democracy.
Leadership and Prime Ministerial Tenure[edit | edit source]
First Term (1991–1996)[edit | edit source]
In 1991, following the restoration of democracy, Khaleda Zia became Bangladesh’s first female Prime Minister, marking a historic moment for both the nation and South Asia. Her government reintroduced parliamentary democracy, focused on economic reforms, women’s education, and rural development. However, political rivalries and administrative challenges characterized her tenure, especially her confrontations with the opposition Awami League.
Second Term (2001–2006)[edit | edit source]
Khaleda Zia returned to power in 2001, leading a coalition government. This period saw infrastructure growth, economic liberalization, and increased international engagement. However, it was also marred by allegations of corruption, governance controversies, and violent political unrest.
Short 1996 Tenure[edit | edit source]
Following boycotted elections in early 1996, her government briefly returned to power but was replaced by a caretaker administration later that year.
Challenges, Legal Struggles, and Health Battles[edit | edit source]
After her tenure ended, Khaleda Zia faced multiple corruption cases filed by the Anti-Corruption Commission. In 2018, she was sentenced to prison, though many observers described the cases as politically motivated. Her imprisonment marked one of the most dramatic moments in Bangladesh’s contemporary politics.
In recent years, her deteriorating health has dominated headlines. She has suffered from liver and kidney complications and has sought treatment abroad, including in London. In 2025, she was acquitted by the Supreme Court in one of her long-standing graft cases, reigniting speculation about her potential return to politics.
Her release from house arrest in 2024 and subsequent medical travel underscored her continuing relevance despite her frail condition.
Legacy and Political Impact[edit | edit source]
A Symbol of Female Leadership[edit | edit source]
As one of the first female heads of government in a Muslim-majority country, Khaleda Zia shattered gender barriers in South Asian politics. Her leadership inspired generations of women to pursue roles in governance and public life.
The Zia–Hasina Rivalry[edit | edit source]
Khaleda’s political rivalry with Sheikh Hasina, leader of the Awami League, is one of the most defining aspects of Bangladesh’s history. For decades, their alternating leadership has shaped the country’s political landscape — often marked by intense competition, protests, and polarization.
Role in Democracy and Opposition Politics[edit | edit source]
Despite her legal and health setbacks, Khaleda Zia remains a central figure for BNP supporters. Her leadership symbolizes resistance against one-party dominance and the continuing struggle for a more pluralistic democracy in Bangladesh.
Awards and Recognition[edit | edit source]
- Recognized internationally for her contribution to women’s leadership in politics.
- Featured in lists of influential South Asian political figures.
- Widely acknowledged as one of the architects of Bangladesh’s democratic revival in the 1990s.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)[edit | edit source]
1. Who is Begum Khaleda Zia?
Begum Khaleda Zia is a Bangladeshi politician, former Prime Minister, and Chairperson of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).
2. When did she serve as Prime Minister?
She served from 1991–1996 and again from 2001–2006.
3. What makes her significant in Bangladesh’s history?
She was Bangladesh’s first female Prime Minister and one of the earliest women to lead a Muslim-majority nation.
4. What is her relationship with Sheikh Hasina?
Sheikh Hasina is her political rival and the current Prime Minister of Bangladesh. Their rivalry defines the country’s modern political narrative.
5. Has she been involved in legal cases?
Yes. Khaleda Zia has faced several corruption cases. In 2025, the Supreme Court acquitted her in a major graft case.
6. What is her current health condition?
She continues to struggle with serious health issues and has been undergoing treatment abroad.
7. What is her political legacy?
Her legacy lies in her role as a pioneer for women in politics, a defender of democracy, and a key figure in Bangladesh’s political evolution.
Begum Khaleda Zia’s life is a testament to resilience and leadership amid adversity. From a political widow to a two-time Prime Minister, she has shaped the nation’s path through turbulent decades. Her achievements, controversies, and courage continue to make her a central figure in South Asia’s political narrative.
Even as health challenges limit her public role, Khaleda Zia’s influence on Bangladesh’s democracy, women’s empowerment, and political discourse remains enduring — a legacy etched deep into the nation’s history.